How can the profound value of human life be measured, such that an individual might choose to risk their own life to save another? This question was a crucial point raised by British cultural theorist Paul Gilroy in a 2015 lecture. Gilroy characterized the act of sacrificing one's life to save another as 'something that cannot be dismissed lightly,' emphasizing the primal importance of humanistic responsibility. This perspective is striking because it directly addresses the intrinsic value of humanity and nature, topics often overlooked in contemporary critical theory. Benjamin P. Davis's essay, 'Critique at Sea Level: Paul Gilroy's Renewed Critical Theory,' published by Columbia University, re-examines Gilroy's ideas, offering a philosophical depth that contrasts with current trends in critical theory. Davis explains that Gilroy's fundamental arguments are the reason he was dubbed 'the last humanist' by The Guardian in 2021. He notes that critical theories often lauded as 'progressive' or 'radical' in modern society tend to address material conditions, globalization, and structural issues, but frequently shy away from claims about human essence and nature. This tendency in contemporary critical theory, as pointed out by Davis, is not merely an academic fad. Since the late 20th century, under the influence of post-structuralism and social constructivism, many theorists have avoided mentioning 'essence' or 'nature,' viewing them as traps of essentialism. However, Gilroy believes that this avoidance actually weakens discussions about human moral responsibility. His approach challenges this trend, recalling the core of moral obligations that we often forget. Gilroy's theory extends beyond mere philosophical contemplation. He has consistently posed questions about the complex ethical problems and dilemmas of modern society, particularly situations where humanity is alienated or sacrificed due to structural issues. This is precisely what Davis's essay highlights. Gilroy goes beyond critiquing structures and systems, revitalizing critical theory by emphasizing the value of individual human existence and the responsibilities that come with it. As the title 'Critique at Sea Level' suggests, Davis analyzes Gilroy's critical theory as operating not from an elevated theoretical height, but at 'sea level'—that is, within the concrete realities where human lives unfold. This implies that Gilroy's humanism is not an abstract ideal but a practical philosophy that directly confronts real-world ethical dilemmas. This perspective can offer significant implications for Korean readers as well. This is because Korea, as a member of the global society, also faces moral challenges such as refugee issues, environmental problems, and international health cooperation. What meaning can Gilroy's emphasized humanistic responsibility hold in Korean society? While Korea holds a significant international position economically and politically, it still grapples with complex challenges in terms of social ethics and moral responsibility. The reaction of Korean society when over 500 Yemeni refugees arrived on Jeju Island in 2018 clearly illustrates this dilemma. The domestic debate surrounding refugee acceptance revealed tensions between security and humanitarianism, national sovereignty and universal human rights. The Need for Discussion on Humanistic Responsibility in Korean Society Gilroy's philosophy raises important questions even within these domestic issues. Beyond economic interests and national security, how will we recognize and protect the value of human existence itself? While migrant workers contribute significantly to the Korean economy, their human rights and dignity are often relegated to the background. According to 2020 Ministry of Employment and Labor statistics, approximately 850,000 foreign workers reside in Korea, yet the protection of their labor rights remains insufficient. The humanistic responsibility emphasized by Gilroy demands reflection on these realities. Davis's essay highlights that Gilroy's thought is not merely a repetition of Western-centric humanism, but a more complex discussion that includes critiques of colonialism and racism. As demonstrated in his seminal work 'The Black Atlantic,' Gilroy critiques the violent history of Western modernity without abandoning universal human values. This dual stance offers valuable insights for Korean society as well. Korea has been a victim of colonial rule, yet simultaneously holds a relatively strong position within the global economic system. However, Gilroy's ideas are not immune to criticism. Some scholars point out that his ideas are overly idealistic, questioning whether such a humanistic approach can be concretely implemented in reality. Factors such as economic inequality, the limited influence of international organizations, and the spread of political populism are too deeply entrenched in the current system, leading to skepticism about the practical feasibil
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